I don’t think it would be any easier. I did a similar job recently and cutting/breaking out was a piece of cake.
For accurate placement you don’t need much more of a square than the post itself and that barely took any breaking.
However if it was talking dozens then I’d be tempted to try your way, especially with round posts. I’d use a big sds to centre mark if working on your own.
Use fast set cement dust mixed into a fairly wet mix and you can get them to go off held in ten minutes or so. Length of rebar to poke it all about as you won’t have much room to play. Much easier to mix up in a gauged mix with a drill basket mixer and some decent buckets- a cement mixer is more hassle than it’s worth for such small amounts especially when using fast set.
For holding them plumb, square posts are easier obviously but for your job I’d make up a circular plate with bolts to grip the post and just wedge that against the floor so the post is plumb and correct height. Fast set cement ( I only use master Crete as it’s consistent) is a godsend on these jobs.
Fill them all to a few inches of the top and then last job use some sbr (around 250ml per kg cement) in the mix to float them all off- that’ll ensure that it’s bonded to the surrounding concrete well and will take a knock without cracking. I like to use steel measuring jugs which hold around a kilo of cement to dole out the mix into the buckets. Easy to do a very accurate 6:2 mix.
I did this row in a day on my own, all around 18” deep which is plenty when properly keyed to the concrete.
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